In the large, independent BioVU biobank, the DSM-NicDep and CPD PGS showed significant associations with ICD-TUD of similar magnitude (ORs = 1.013–1.017), while the association with the FTND PGS was smaller (OR = 1.006). A very small proportion of variance was explained by the three PGSs (0.58%), reflecting underpowered GWASs and PGSs that are not currently suitable for individual-level prediction. PGS analyses of individual criteria in NESARC-III revealed that the DSM-NicDep PGS was associated with all individual DSM-5 TUD criteria and two of the FTND-specific items when it was the only predictor in the model (Figure 3a). However, when all four tobacco-related PGSs (ICD-TUD, FTND, CPD, and DSM-NicDep) were included as predictors, DSM-NicDep was no longer associated with any individual items (Figure 3b), nor the total criterion counts. In this multi-PGS model, the FTND PGS was associated with only 1 item (social, one of the three DSM-IV abuse criteria in the DSM-5 TUD diagnosis) while the ICD-TUD PGS was associated with 10 of the 11 DSM-5 criteria and all 4 FTND items, consistent with the ICD-TUD GWAS being much more
