item (social, one of the three DSM-IV abuse criteria in the DSM-5 TUD diagnosis) while the ICD-TUD PGS was associated with 10 of the 11 DSM-5 criteria and all 4 FTND items, consistent with the ICD-TUD GWAS being much more statistically powerful than FTND or DSM-NicDep. Future item-level GWASs using novel structural equation modeling methods that bring together DSM and FTND items might be of high value in parsing whether genetic and clinical heterogeneity align.
