is claimed that contexts lacking social factors that either encourage or discourage drug use (i.e. benign environments) are the most relevant contexts in which to examine genetic associations. Therefore, we would expect greater genetic variance at the most normative levels of PPD in which drug use behavior is not likely to be either encouraged or discouraged against, and is therefore considered benign. Smaller genetic variances would be expected in both lower levels of PPD, in which drug use behavior is more likely to be discouraged against, and higher PPD, in which drug use behavior is more likely to be encouraged. However, unlike the social distinction model, which focuses on extremes of the “environmental” context, the social push model focuses on changes within the normal range of behavior. Diagrammatic representation of these different models can be seen in Figure 1.
