In some instances, genetic factors become more relevant within contexts in which the trait is rare. That is, according to the social distinction model, genetic vulnerability to substance use may manifest more clearly within environments in which smoking is uncommon. Support for this perspective is found in work by Button et al. (2005) who show that the genetic risks for antisocial behavior were the highest among adolescents from families with the lowest levels of family dysfunction. In other words, regardless of genetic risk, children from families with high levels of dysfunction exhibited a greater risk of antisocial behavior, but the defining feature of those exhibiting high levels of antisocial behavior from stable, integrating, and functional families may have been common genetic risk. Raine (2002) describes a variant of this model that is called the “social push perspective” in which it is claimed that contexts lacking social factors that either encourage or discourage drug use (i.e. benign environments) are the most relevant contexts in which to examine genetic associations. Therefore, we would expect greater genetic variance at the most normative levels
