to 12 (every day). Non-drinkers were coded as zero. Marijuana use was assessed by asking participants to report the number of times they used marijuana in the last 12 months. Cigarette use was coded as 1 = past-year use, and 0 = no cigarette use in the past year. We include DSM-IV CD and ODD symptoms because they index externalizing behaviors and problems in youth. Descriptive statistics for externalizing indicators are summarized in Table 1. The composite measure was created by standardizing each indicator and averaging across the indices.
