Demographic characteristics selected as predictors included sex (Deater-Deckard, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 1998), ethnicity (Deater-Deckard et al., 1998), family socioeconomic status (SES; Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1994; Odgers et al., 2008), and other indicators of SES during adulthood including educational attainment and length of unemployment.
