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Chunk #0 — 1. Introduction: Executive Function and Impulsivity

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Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction.
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Executive functions in cognitive psychology control abstract thinking, rule acquisition, planning and flexibility in responses including rule shifting, as well as initiating appropriate actions and inhibiting inappropriate actions. Impulsivity has a range of definitions that generally include actions that are poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unduly risky or inappropriate to the situation that often result in undesirable consequences (Evenden, 1999; (de Wit, 2009). At times, impulsivity in personality is valuable for rapid decisions at opportune times. Components of impulsivity include attention, suppressing responses, poor evaluation of consequences and/or an inability to forgo immediate small rewards in favor of greater delayed rewards. Decision-making reflects a process in which attention is focused and a choice is made after reflecting on the expected outcomes of possible actions and/or inactions. This process requires attention, whereas impulsivity may not require attention. With repetition, decisions require less attention and may be rapid, learned, but not impulsive. Impulsivity assessments have included urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perserverance and sensation seeking (Congdon and Canli, 2008). Urgency motivating impulsive behaviors overlaps with concepts of addition that suggest chronic substance