Gene sets were from two main sources. First, we included gene sets previously shown to be important for psychiatric disorders (71 gene sets; e.g., FMRP binding partners, de novo mutations, GWAS top SNPs, ion channels)57,102,103. Second, we included gene sets from MSigDB (v5.2)104 which includes canonical pathways and Gene Ontology gene sets. Canonical pathways were curated from BioCarta, KEGG, Matrisome, Pathway Interaction Database, Reactome, SigmaAldrich, Signaling Gateway, Signal Transduction KE, and SuperArray. Pathways containing between 10-10K genes were included.