Family history information is not typically collected in case‐control GWAS, because detailed family interviews of psychiatric disorders is generally beyond the scope of large sample size case‐control GWAS and health registry studies. However, enrichment of these large‐scale studies through systematic collection of family history information could inform our understanding of sex differences in the genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders, by enabling the examination of sex‐based rates and transmission in the family. Collection of family history in electronic health records (EHR) is typically limited to identification of affected cases from the clinical notes without denominators (ie, “Does anyone in your family have depression/alcohol abuse/etc.?” without enumerating family members) precluding estimation of recurrence risks. 144 However, an exemplary study that mined emergency contact data from the next‐of‐kin contact information in the EHR to identify familial relationships with validation of the EHR next‐of‐kin relationships through genetically calculated kinships computed heritability estimates for a range of clinical conditions. They reported a median heritability of 0.41 (ICD‐9) and 0.31 (ICD‐10) for mental health disorders, but note in their discussion that mental health conditions are generally not
