Umylny, Schultz, & Izard, 2001), the father was low in caregiving (Mott, Kowaleski-Jones, & Menaghan, 1997), the mother was cohabiting with a non-marital partner (Ackerman et al., 2001), the parents divorced (Lansford et al., 2006), or the individual himself or herself divorced his or her spouse. Other experiences of interest included the amount of television watched (Manganello & Taylor, 2009) and amount of non-maternal childcare (Bates et al., 1994; Deater-Deckard et al., 1998).
