The strengths of the current study include: (1) the use of a large and diverse sample from a high-risk cohort of adolescents and young adults from the COGA Prospective study. More specifically, only offspring who reported living with both biological parents during their adolescent years of 12–17 were included in this study. This inclusion criterion allowed for examining the role of parent–adolescent closeness in tandem with parental alcohol and substance use problems, factors known for increasing genetic risk for developing AUD among offspring. (2) Unlike most studies that have mainly focused on mother’s parenting or mother–child relationships, we focused on closeness with both mother and father during adolescence—a critical period of development. We also examined variability across offspring sex. (3) We evaluated the association of parent–adolescent closeness on offspring P3 amplitude and FT power that represent executive functioning underlying self-regulatory behaviors. Both P3 and FT are considered important endophenotypes to study vulnerability to the development of AUD. (4) Finally, the positive association of parent–child closeness with offspring P3 amplitude and negative association with binge drinking persisted, albeit with variability by
