the study by Amiez and colleagues remained stable. By contrast, both other studies involved long-periods of training on a response switching task. While the ACCs may be vital for learning about the overall value of actions, other regions such as parts of ventromedial prefrontal cortex appear also to encode higher-order strategies to help guide decisions (Hampton, Bossaerts and O'Doherty, 2006). Therefore, an inability to construct a history of recent reinforcement in all the animals without a functioning ACCs could manifest different patterns of behavioural deficits depending on whether a representation of the requirement to periodically change behaviour is also present.
