Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) involve wide-ranging deficits in growth, anatomy, behavior and cognition (Sokol, et al., 2003; Kodituwakku, 2007; Nash, et al., 2006; Spadoni, et al., 2007). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), the most severe of the FASDs, includes prenatal and/or postnatal growth retardation, central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction with or without obvious brain malformation – including various learning disabilities, hyperactivity, mental retardation and behavioral problems – and a defining pattern of craniofacial malformations (Bertrand, et al., 2005; Hoyme, et al, 2005; Sokol, et al, 2003). The estimated incidence of FAS ranges from 0.3 to 2.0 per 1,000 live births in the general population (May & Gossage, 2001; CDC, 2002), with a higher incidence among certain groups depending upon sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, and other risk factors (Abel, 1995; CDC, 2002; May, et al., 2007; 2008). The combined incidence of all FASDs (e.g., FAS, Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders [ARNDs], etc.) ranges up to 10 per 1,000 live births (Manning & Hoyme, 2007; O’Leary, 2004; Sampson, et al., 1997) yet identification and diagnosis of children, adolescents and adults with non-FAS FASDs is challenging
