FASDs (e.g., FAS, Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders [ARNDs], etc.) ranges up to 10 per 1,000 live births (Manning & Hoyme, 2007; O’Leary, 2004; Sampson, et al., 1997) yet identification and diagnosis of children, adolescents and adults with non-FAS FASDs is challenging (Hoyme et al., 2005) in part because information on maternal risk drinking during pregnancy may be insufficient (Astley, 2006; Stratton, et al., 1996; Ernhart et al., 1989).
