These four indicators were used to construct a simulation model using the lavaan package (Rosseel, 2012) in R (R Core Team, 2017). The variance of the SNP was set using the formula for the variance of a SNP: 2MAF(1-MAF). A common factor was fit to the simulated adolescence, early adult, and adult variables by estimating all factor loadings and setting the variance of the common factor to 1. Residual variances for each of the simulated variables were freely estimated. The adolescence variable and the common factor were regressed on the SNP simultaneously. The simulation was repeated 1,000 times for each combination of the following parameters: MAF = .01, .10, .20, .30, .40, .50; SNP β=0.01, 0.05; N = 1k, 10k, 50k, 100k, 200k, 300k, 400k, 500k. Power for each combination of parameters was estimated at two different thresholds (p < 5e-8 and p < 1e-5) as the proportion of SNP p-values less than the threshold. The threshold p < 5e-8 represents the common criteria for genome-wide significance (Z. Chen et al. 2021; Risch & Merikangas, 1996), and the threshold p
