Peer-reviewed PubMed/Medline articles published through December 2012 were identified using the following keyword combinations: glia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes/glia, microglia, substance use, substance abuse, substance dependence, alcohol, opiate, opioid, cocaine, psychostimulants, stimulants, and glutamate. Both preclinical and clinical investigations were reviewed. All articles were written in English. Reviewing the titles and abstracts uncovered 187 relevant reports, which were examined in full and cited herein when relevant.
