negative mood induction, women have shorter latencies to smoking than men.32 Other studies show that opioid-dependent women are 2 to 3 times more likely to have a mood and anxiety disorder compared to men.33 While it is relatively unknown whether stress differentially affects the development vs. maintenance of SUD in women vs. men, one study demonstrated that the onset of affective or anxiety disorders preceded the onset of SUD more often in women compared to men,34 suggesting that anxiety and/or stress may be an important factor contributing to the development of SUD, particularly in women. Indeed, women also have higher rates of PTSD than men.35
