Given that the main focus of this study is ASPD, cases were selected from the whole of the CRIME cohort based on the SCID-II diagnostics. However, the non-ASPD criminals group may include cases near the ASPD diagnosis cut-off threshold. Thus, we performed an analysis on non-ASPD status (all males, N=129) to examine whether the signal from the selected eight variants was specific for ASPD or if it covered a broader range of criminal activity. No association signal was detected for any of the selected variants. As substance abuse, as well as violent behavior, is linked to antisocial personality disorder, we performed sensitivity analyses including only those ASPD cases with substance abuse (N=358, males=327) or violent crime (N=285, males=265). Among substance abusers, a slight strengthening of the signal for the variants near the HLA-DRA gene on 6p21.32 was observed, but the signal was diluted for the variants on 6p21.2 (data not shown). Among violent criminals, the signals from all of the variants were diluted (data not shown).
