The estimates of increased risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders associated with CTF score in our three disparate samples are remarkably consistent. Among nonsubstance‐related psychiatric outcomes, the strongest risk was noted for PTSD; ORs varied from 2.79 (95% CI 2.45–3.17) in the CT Study to 2.06 (95% CI 1.86–2.29) in the CAT Study and 2.39 (95% CI 2.07–2.77) in the OZ‐ALC GWAS. The extremely consistent ORs for substance‐related outcomes across the three samples provides further evidence of the CTF's predictive validity and is particularly noteworthy given the substantial differences in sample ascertainment. Incremental increases in risk were observed in all three samples with the total numbers of licit and illicit substance dependence diagnoses. Although these findings are consistent with prior examinations of the relationships between childhood adversity and psychopathology (Mullen et al. 1993; Fergusson et al. 1996a; Fergusson and Lynskey 1997; Kessler et al. 1997; Kendler et al. 2000; Molnar et al. 2001; Nelson et al. 2002, 2006; Green et al. 2010; McLaughlin et al. 2010; Scott et al. 2010), it is important to remember that our estimates represent
