in males was particularly apparently in the CAT Study (in which the loading of the CSA factor on the CTF was also lower in males) and the OZ‐ALC GWAS sample. The ascertainment of these samples on the basis of substance dependence diagnoses may be contributing to these findings. Further investigation may be necessary to determine other contributing factors. The CTF demonstrated good measurement invariance as a function of gender and consistent factor structure in the CAT Study replication sample.
