Although preference for immediate reward was associated with substance use over the past year (any substance use, χ2 = 7.46, P = .006; tobacco, χ2 = 8.76, P = .003; alcohol, χ2 = 8.68, P = .003; marijuana, χ2 = 7.16, P = .007; df = 1 for all tests) at age 14, none of these associations reached significance at age 12.
