Heritability of delay discounting in adolescence: a longitudinal twin study.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Anokhin, Andrey P; Golosheykin, Simon; Grant, Julia D; Heath, Andrew C
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Behavior genetics
- PMID
- 20700643
- DOI
- 10.1007/s10519-010-9384-7
- PMCID
- PMC3036802
Delay discounting (DD) refers to the preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger but delayed rewards, and is considered to be a distinct component of a broader "impulsivity" construct. Although greater propensity for discounting the value of delayed gratification has been associated with a range of problem behaviors and substance abuse, particularly in adolescents, the origins of individual differences in DD remain unclear. We examined genetic and environmental influences on a real-life behavioral measure of DD using a longitudinal twin design. Adolescent participants were asked to choose between a smaller ($7) reward available immediately and a larger ($10) reward to be received in 7 days. Biometrical genetic analysis using linear structural equation modeling showed significant heritability of DD at ages 12 and 14 (30 and 51%, respectively) and suggested that the same genetic factors influenced the trait at both ages. DD was significantly associated with symptoms of conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and with higher novelty seeking and poor self-regulation. This study provides the first evidence for heritability of DD in humans and suggests that DD can be a promising endophenotype for genetic studies of addiction and externalizing disorders.
No figures extracted from this document.
1–20 of 38
Next →
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 12-14 years local | cohort |
| 12-year-old participants local | cohort |
| 14-year-old participants local | cohort |
| addiction | phenotype |
| additive genetic influences | cohort |
| ADHD | phenotype |
| ADHD Hyperactive Symptoms local | phenotype |
| ADHD Impulsive Symptoms local | phenotype |
| ADHD inattentive symptoms | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| Adolescent Twin Cohort local | cohort |
| African American | cohort |
| age 12 | cohort |
| age 14 | cohort |
| age 14 local | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol preference | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| any substance use | phenotype |
| behavior | phenotype |
| Birth-year Cohort local | cohort |
| brain function | phenotype |
| broad-sense heritability local | phenotype |
| choice behavior | phenotype |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cocaine self-administration | phenotype |
| conduct disorder | phenotype |
| Cortical fronto-parietal system local | anatomy |
| DD | phenotype |
| DD phenotype local | phenotype |
| decision making | phenotype |
| Delay aversion local | phenotype |
| delay discounting | phenotype |
| Delay discounting behavior local | phenotype |
| Delay Discounting (DD) local | phenotype |
| Delayed reward choice local | phenotype |
| Delay of Gratification Procedure local | phenotype |
| dependence | phenotype |
| dopamine-related genes | gene |
| DZO pairs local | cohort |
| externalizing disorders | phenotype |
| Family socioeconomic status | phenotype |
| Frontally mediated cognitive control system local | anatomy |
| genetic factors | cohort |
| Head injury | phenotype |
| Higher socioeconomic status | phenotype |
| High School Children local | cohort |
| Hypothetical Reward local | drug |
| Immediate reward choice local | phenotype |
| Impulse control disorders | phenotype |
| impulsive choice | phenotype |
| impulsive decision making style local | phenotype |
| Impulsive decision making style local | phenotype |
| impulsive system local | anatomy |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| inter-temporal choice local | phenotype |
| Intertemporal Choice local | phenotype |
| inter-temporal decision style local | phenotype |
| investing local | phenotype |
| lateral prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| limbic system | anatomy |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| medial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| mental retardation | phenotype |
| mice | cohort |
| mid-adolescence | cohort |
| non-additive genetic influence local | phenotype |
| non-additive genetic influences local | phenotype |
| novelty seeking | phenotype |
| nucleus accumbens core | anatomy |
| occupational status local | phenotype |
| older adults | cohort |
| ongoing longitudinal study local | cohort |
| orbitofrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Paralimbic system local | anatomy |
| Parental Occupation Data local | phenotype |
| parietal cortex | anatomy |
| pathological gambling | phenotype |
| personality traits | phenotype |
| posterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| problem behavior | phenotype |
| psychiatric symptoms | phenotype |
| purchasing decisions local | phenotype |
| rate of discounting local | phenotype |
| rats | cohort |
| Real Reward local | drug |
| real-world economic behavior local | phenotype |
| reflective system local | anatomy |
| response inhibition | phenotype |
| reward | phenotype |
| Reward valuation network local | anatomy |
| saving local | phenotype |
| SD | phenotype |
| self-reported impulsivity | phenotype |
| SES | phenotype |
| Severe visual impairment local | phenotype |
| shared environmental influence | phenotype |
| Social status | phenotype |
| socioeconomic status | phenotype |
| Sub-cortical reward system local | anatomy |
| substance use | phenotype |
| Temporal discounting local | phenotype |
| temporal discounting preferences local | phenotype |
| tobacco use | phenotype |
| Twin cohort | cohort |
| unique environmental influences | phenotype |
| ventral striatum | anatomy |
| young adults | cohort |
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genome-wide association study of delay discounting identifies 11 loci and reveals transdiagnostic associations across mental and physical health. | Thorpe HHA et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Maternal and Paternal Impulsivity and Adolescent Epigenetic Age Acceleration. | Cataluna MV et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| An Examination of Developmental Factors in False Confessions. | Gallimore M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Framing as a mechanism to overcome the temptation of bad habits. | Wang S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genetic Propensity for Delay Discounting and Educational Attainment in Adults Are Associated With Delay Discounting in Preadolescents: Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. | Rabinowitz JA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genome-Wide Association Studies of Delay Discounting and Impulsive Personality Traits in Children From the Adolescent Behavior and Cognitive Development Study. | Deng WQ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Longitudinal characterization of impulsivity phenotypes boosts signal for genomic correlates and heritability. | Deng WQ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The effects of life experiences and polygenic risk for depression on the development of positive and negative cognitive biases across adolescence: The CogBIAS hypothesis. | Zavlis O et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex underlying the association between self-control and delay discounting. | Gong W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The measurement of self-regulation in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. | Marek MJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The neural substrates responsible for reward sensitivity association with delay discounting: left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex connectivity with right precuneus. | Zhao H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Delay discounting in adolescence depends on whom you wait for: Evidence from a functional neuroimaging study. | van Rijn LH et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Delay discounting of rewards and losses, alcohol use, and the influence of socioeconomic factors: A cross-sectional online study in frequent drinkers. | Pinger M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Genome-wide association study of delay discounting in Heterogeneous Stock rats. | Lara MK et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Is waiting for rewards good for you? No association between impulsive choice, psychopathology, and functional outcomes in a large cohort sample. | Bado PP et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Previous experience of action-effect predictability and delay affect perceived agency and decision-making independently. | Zhu R et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The effect of future self-continuity on intertemporal decision making: a mediated moderating model. | Yang Y et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The functional connectivity between right insula and anterior cingulate cortex underlying the association between future self-continuity and delay discounting. | Zhao H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Early-onset smoking theory of compulsivity development: a neurocognitive model for the development of compulsive tobacco smoking. | Conti AA et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Effects of Online Game and Short Video Behavior on Academic Delay of Gratification - Mediating Effects of Anxiety, Depression and Retrospective Memory. | Xia LL et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Family history, childhood maltreatment, and adolescent binge drinking exert synergistic effects on delay discounting and future alcohol use. | Liao J et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Neurobiological metric of cortical delay discounting differentiates risk for self- and other-directed violence among trauma-exposed individuals. | Sheehan AE et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Risk Decision Making and Executive Function among Adolescents and Young Adults. | Marquez-Ramos F et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Selective chemogenetic inactivation of corticoaccumbal projections disrupts trait choice impulsivity. | Wenzel JM et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The association between saving disposition and financial distress: A genetically informed approach. | Giannelis A et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Chronic tobacco smoking, impaired reward-based decision-making, and role of insular cortex: A comparison between early-onset smokers and late-onset smokers. | Conti AA et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Delay Discounting of Monetary and Social Media Rewards: Magnitude and Trait Effects. | Schulz van Endert T et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Economic and social deprivation predicts impulsive choice in children. | Tunney RJ | — | 2022 | → |
| Hyperbolic discounting rates and risk for problematic alcohol use in youth enrolled in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study. | Kohler RJ et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Overweight/Obesity and Time Preference: Evidence from a Survey among Adults in the UK. | Touray MML et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Prospects for new drugs to treat binge-eating disorder: Insights from psychopathology and neuropharmacology. | Heal DJ et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The chain-mediation pathway of gender regarding academic delay of gratification in college students is regulated by anxiety/depressive mood and prospective memory. | Jiao CY et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The special role of middle childhood in self-control development: Longitudinal and genetic evidence. | Pener-Tessler R et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Understanding Anhedonia from a Genomic Perspective. | Bondy E et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Are Impulsive Decisions Always Irrational? An Experimental Investigation of Impulsive Decisions in the Domains of Gains and Losses. | Heilman RM et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Exposure to maternal depressive symptoms and growth in adolescent substance use: The mediating role of delay discounting. | Felton JW et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Individual Differences in Intertemporal Choice. | Keidel K et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| On Imbalance of Impulse Control and Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Risk: An Intra-individual Developmental Test of the Dual Systems and Maturational Imbalance Models. | Meeus W et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Reliability assessment of temporal discounting measures in virtual reality environments. | Bruder LR et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The Australian Twins Economic Preferences Survey. | Kettlewell N et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Delay discounting of different outcomes: Review and theory. | Odum AL et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Effects of Substance Misuse and Family History of Substance Use Disorder on Delay Discounting in Adolescents and Young Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. | Paraskevopoulou M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Executive Functions in Predicting Weight Loss and Obesity Indicators: A Meta-Analysis. | Du Z et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Investigating the association between family connectedness and self-control in adolescence in a genetically sensitive design. | Willems YE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Reliability assessment of temporal discounting measures in virtual reality environments | Bruder LR et al. | — | 2020 | — |
| Risks versus consequences of adolescent and young adult substance use: A focus on executive control. | Luciana M | — | 2020 | → |
| Steep Discounting of Future Rewards as an Impulsivity Phenotype: A Concise Review. | Levitt E et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Substance related disorders are associated with impaired valuation of delayed gratification and feedback processing: A multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression. | Kluwe-Schiavon B et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The disengaging brain: Dynamic transitions from cognitive engagement and alcoholism risk. | Amico E et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Genetics of Externalizing Problems. | Barr PB et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Willpower with and without effort. | Ainslie G | — | 2020 | → |
| Archetypes of human cognition defined by time preference for reward and their brain correlates: An evolutionary trade-off approach. | Cona G et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Can delay discounting deliver on the promise of RDoC? | Lempert KM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Cuing both positive and negative episodic foresight reduces delay discounting but does not affect risk-taking. | Bulley A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genetic influences on delayed reward discounting: A genome-wide prioritized subset approach. | MacKillop J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genetic variation in health insurance coverage. | Wehby GL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genomic basis of delayed reward discounting. | Gray JC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Intergenerational transmission of delay discounting: The mediating role of household chaos. | Peviani KM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Learning From Loss After Risk: Dissociating Reward Pursuit and Reward Valuation in a Naturalistic Foraging Task. | Abram SV et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Linking Delay Discounting and Substance Use Disorders: Genotypes and Phenotypes. | Mitchell SH | — | 2019 | → |
| Neural circuitry and mechanisms of waiting impulsivity: relevance to addiction. | Dalley JW et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Visual Exposure to Natural Environments Decreases Delay Discounting of Improved Air Quality. | Berry MS et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Addiction as a BAD, a Behavioral Allocation Disorder. | Lamb RJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Adolescent neurocognitive development and impacts of substance use: Overview of the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) baseline neurocognition battery. | Luciana M et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Age and impulsive behavior in drug addiction: A review of past research and future directions. | Argyriou E et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Attained SES as a moderator of adult cognitive performance: Testing gene-environment interaction in various cognitive domains. | Zavala C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genetic and Environmental Influences on Self-Control: Assessing Self-Control with the ASEBA Self-Control Scale. | Willems YE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Heritabilities and co-variation among cognitive traits in red junglefowl. | Sorato E et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Nucleus Accumbens Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Substance Use Disorders and Delay Discounting. | Peisker CB et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Pair Housing Alters Delay Discounting in Lewis and Fischer 344 Rats. | Turturici M et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Temporal framing and the hidden-zero effect: rate-dependent outcomes on delay discounting. | Naudé GP et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A framework for understanding and advancing intertemporal choice research using rodent models. | Fobbs WC et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| CanDiD: A Framework for Linking Executive Function and Education. | Kamkar NH et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Choice between delayed food and immediate opioids in rats: treatment effects and individual differences. | Panlilio LV et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Commentary: Delay discounting and smoking: robust correlation, but uncertain causation. | MacKillop J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Effects of Alcohol Dependence Severity on Neural Correlates of Delay Discounting. | Lim AC et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Genetic and environmental influences on household financial distress. | Xu Y et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Impact of delayed gratification on oral health and caries status in the primary dentition. | Caleza-Jimenez C et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Steep delay discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis of continuous associations. | Amlung M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The association between parental history and delay discounting among individuals in recovery from addiction. | Athamneh LN et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The behavioural constellation of deprivation: Causes and consequences. | Pepper GV et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The influence of episodic foresight on delay discounting and demand for alcohol. | Bulley A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The link between deprivation and its behavioural constellation is confounded by genetic factors. | Sherlock JM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The Value of Clean Air: Comparing Discounting of Delayed Air Quality and Money Across Magnitudes. | Berry MS et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Time-discounting and tobacco smoking: a systematic review and network analysis. | Barlow P et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Adolescent behavioral and neural reward sensitivity: a test of the differential susceptibility theory. | Richards JS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Monetary Delay Discounting: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. | Jackson JN et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Childhood Obesity and Delayed Gratification Behavior: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. | Caleza C et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Depression Risk Predicts Blunted Neural Responses to Gains and Enhanced Responses to Losses in Healthy Children. | Luking KR et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Determinants of choice, and vulnerability and recovery in addiction. | Lamb RJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Frontostriatal White Matter Integrity Predicts Development of Delay of Gratification: A Longitudinal Study. | Achterberg M et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Future Research Directions in the Positive Valence Systems: Measurement, Development, and Implications for Youth Unipolar Depression. | Olino TM | — | 2016 | → |
| Intertemporal choice behavior is constrained by brain structure in healthy participants and pathological gamblers. | Mohammadi B et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task. | Frye CC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Modulation of impulsivity and reward sensitivity in intertemporal choice by striatal and midbrain dopamine synthesis in healthy adults. | Smith CT et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Planning to make economic decisions in the future, but choosing impulsively now: are preference reversals related to symptoms of ADHD and depression? | Mies GW et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Testing the Relations Among Family Disorganization, Delay Discounting, and Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Genetically Informed Study. | Wang FL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Behavioral Economics and Neuroeconomics of Alcohol Use Disorders. | MacKillop J | — | 2016 | → |
| The influence of genes on "positive valence systems" constructs: A systematic review. | Hess JL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The latent structure of impulsivity: impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive personality traits. | MacKillop J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Delay Discounting Mediates Parent-Adolescent Relationship Quality and Risky Sexual Behavior for Low Self-Control Adolescents. | Kahn RE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Discounting of delayed rewards as an endophenotype. | Bickel WK | — | 2015 | → |
| Endophenotypes for Alcohol Use Disorder: An Update on the Field. | Salvatore JE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genetic influences on delay discounting in smokers: examination of a priori candidates and exploration of dopamine-related haplotypes. | MacKillop J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Impulsive aggression, delay discounting, and adolescent suicide attempts: effects of current psychotropic medication use and family history of suicidal behavior. | Bridge JA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Impulsive delayed reward discounting as a genetically-influenced target for drug abuse prevention: a critical evaluation. | Gray JC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Intertemporal Choice Behavior in Emerging Adults and Adults: Effects of Age Interact with Alcohol Use and Family History Status. | Smith CT et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Long-term test-retest reliability of delayed reward discounting in adolescents. | Anokhin AP et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Making Time for Nature: Visual Exposure to Natural Environments Lengthens Subjective Time Perception and Reduces Impulsivity. | Berry MS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Moderators of neuropsychological mechanism in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. | Nikolas MA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Nicotinic alteration of decision-making. | Naudé J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Prevention, Use of Health Services, and Genes: Implications of Genetics for Policy Formation. | Wehby GL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Reward-based decision making in pathological gambling: the roles of risk and delay. | Wiehler A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The genetics of impulsivity: evidence for the heritability of delay discounting. | Anokhin AP et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Using Behavior Economics to Understand Alcohol Use Disorders: A Concise Review and Identification of Research Priorities. | Gray JC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Does temporal discounting explain unhealthy behavior? A systematic review and reinforcement learning perspective. | Story GW et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Examining the etiological associations among higher-order temperament dimensions. | Allan NP et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Genetic basis of delay discounting in frequent gamblers: examination of a priori candidates and exploration of a panel of dopamine-related loci. | Gray JC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Impulsive for life? The nature of long-term impulsivity in domestic dogs. | Riemer S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: discounting of monetary and consumable outcomes in current and non-smokers. | Friedel JE et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Item-based analysis of delayed reward discounting decision making. | Gray JC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Motor impulsivity during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal biometric analysis of the go/no-go task in 9- to 18-year-old twins. | Bezdjian S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Ovarian cycle effects on immediate reward selection bias in humans: a role for estradiol. | Smith CT et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Parental inconsistency, impulsive choice and neural value representations in healthy adolescents. | Schneider S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Predictive validity of delay discounting behavior in adolescence: a longitudinal twin study. | Isen JD et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Preference on cash-choice task predicts externalizing outcomes in 17-year-olds. | Sparks JC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Present simple and continuous: emergence of self-regulation and contextual sophistication in adolescent decision-making. | Christakou A | — | 2014 | → |
| Reward: commentary. Temporal discounting in conduct disorder: toward an experience-adaptation hypothesis of the role of psychosocial insecurity. | Sonuga-Barke EJ | — | 2014 | → |
| The behavioral- and neuro-economic process of temporal discounting: A candidate behavioral marker of addiction. | Bickel WK et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The behavioral economics of substance use disorders: reinforcement pathologies and their repair. | Bickel WK et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The nature of impulsivity: visual exposure to natural environments decreases impulsive decision-making in a delay discounting task. | Berry MS et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Age and educational track influence adolescent discounting of delayed rewards. | Lee NC et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A sib-pair analysis of impulsivity in bipolar disorder type I. | Mathias de Almeida K et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Delaying gratification depends on social trust. | Michaelson L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Do general intellectual functioning and socioeconomic status account for performance on the Children's Gambling Task? | Mata F et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetics of impulsive behaviour. | Bevilacqua L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. | Green L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control. | Bari A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Integrating behavioral economics and behavioral genetics: delayed reward discounting as an endophenotype for addictive disorders. | MacKillop J | — | 2013 | → |
| Polymorphic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor predicts delay discounting as a function of childhood socioeconomic status: evidence for differential susceptibility. | Sweitzer MM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Relations between Cloninger's dimensions of temperament and steepness of delay and effort discounting of monetary rewards. | Malesza M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Role of murine models in psychiatric illness drug discovery: a dimensional view. | Hoffman KL | — | 2013 | → |
| The genetic and environmental etiology of decision-making: a longitudinal twin study. | Tuvblad C et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The neurobiology of depression--revisiting the serotonin hypothesis. II. Genetic, epigenetic and clinical studies. | Albert PR et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Translational neuroscience and potential contributions of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) to the prevention of substance misuse and antisocial behavior. | Whitten LA | — | 2013 | → |
| Age modulates the effect of COMT genotype on delay discounting behavior. | Smith CT et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Delay discounting predicts adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. | Stanger C et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Mouse models for studying genetic influences on factors determining smoking cessation success in humans. | Hall FS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The association between cingulate cortex glutamate concentration and delay discounting is mediated by resting state functional connectivity. | Schmaal L et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Why Some People Discount More than Others: Baseline Activation in the Dorsal PFC Mediates the Link between COMT Genotype and Impatient Choice. | Gianotti LR et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Delay discounting: I'm a k, you're a k. | Odum AL | — | 2011 | → |
| Delay discounting: trait variable? | Odum AL | — | 2011 | → |
| Genetic and environmental influences on impulsivity: a meta-analysis of twin, family and adoption studies. | Bezdjian S et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Nonaddictive instrumental drug use: Theoretical strengths and weaknesses. | Goudie AJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The genetic basis of delay discounting and its genetic relationship to alcohol dependence. | Mitchell SH | — | 2011 | → |
| The neural mechanisms of inter-temporal decision-making: understanding variability. | Peters J et al. | — | 2011 | → |