Participants were genotyped using the Illumina Global Diversity Array. The All of Us Research Program completed genetic ancestry classification analyses using a random forest classifier to predict ancestry from principal components (PCs). PCs, age, and sex were used as covariates in the PGS analyses. Outcome SUDs include AUD, TUD, and other drug disorder (i.e., use disorder for all other drugs) present in the EHR. Diagnoses for all disorders were based on phecodes, which are clusters of related billing codes from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases 9th and 10th revisions. Individuals with two or more phecodes related to a single disorders were categorized as cases.
