Correlation between elevated PAC and improved sleep quality and preferred phases at individual and group levels. (a) Correlation analysis showed that the change in PAC values (post–pre) on the Fz electrode was significantly negatively correlated with the change in sleep onset latency (post–pre). (b) Correlation analysis showed that the change in PAC on the F3 electrode (post–pre) was significantly negatively correlated with the change in SOL (post–pre). (c) Polar histograms show the individual‐ and group‐level preferred phases; the dark blue line represents the individual preferred phase, the red line represents the group average preferred phase, and the length of the line represents the coupling strength. Circular statistics showed that the PAC‐preferred phase of the Fz (5–7 Hz–50–56 Hz) electrode (pre‐rTMS: −2.00° ± 35.20°, post‐rTMS: −7.67° ± 29.70°, control: 4.59° ± 32.71°) was not significantly different between GSC and ID patients, and ID patients before and after active treatment (p > .05).
