association signals were comparable in these two groups as shown by the similar observed vs. expected distribution of heterogeneity P values in the respective quantile–quantile plot (Supplementary Figure S3 online). The effect sizes of the five most associated SNPs were also not significantly different among the nondiabetic, T2DM-ESRD, and T2DM groups (Table 3). This suggests that the presence of disease had minimal effect, if any, on the genetic associations of the top signals although cautious interpretation is needed.
