role of pharmacogenetics in treatment response. The most frequently studied polymorphism is the Asn40Asp SNP of the OPRM1 gene. While the findings are mixed for individuals of European ancestry, more promising findings emerge among G allele carriers of East Asian ancestry.45,46 This population may benefit the most from NTX treatment relative to individuals of other ancestries, but further studies are needed with much larger sample sizes to replicate these effects. However, very few studies exist on pharmacogenetics of AUD in individuals of African or AI/AN ancestry, so the field is far from being able to make any conclusions in these populations, and we found no pharmacogenetic studies of AUD in individuals of predominantly Hispanic and/or Latino ancestry. Thus, there is significant work to be done to understand which populations respond most favorably to a medication, with the hope that these advances in pharmacogenetics and precision medicine will decrease exposure to treatments that are known to be ineffective in certain individuals.
