The remarkable efficacy of rTMS in the treatment of ID has been widely reported (Feng et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2013; Song et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2018). Using subjective scales and PSG recordings, this study comprehensively evaluated the improvement in sleep quality of ID patients before and after active rTMS treatment, and found that rTMS had significant effects on ID patients (Figure 2). However evidence about the possible underlying mechanisms is still not sufficient. Our previous study reported that active rTMS may rewire disrupted cortico‐hippocampal interactions in ID patients (Li et al., 2022). Meanwhile, left DLPFC rTMS improved impaired PAC in patients with depression (Noda et al., 2017). Whether rTMS can modulate PAC activity in ID patients has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated whether rTMS led to a change in PAC. According to our results, after active rTMS treatment, PAC values near the left DLPFC increased significantly (Figure 4b). Furthermore, we also explored the relationship between improved sleep quality and enhanced PAC in ID patients. Pearson correlation analysis showed that enhanced PAC at the Fz electrode
