To quantify the fraction of the observed inflation of the mean test statistic that is due to bias, we used LD Score regression10. The estimated LD Score regression intercepts were all close to 1, suggesting no appreciable inflation of the test statistics attributable to population stratification in any of our subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, or neuroticism meta-analyses (Supplementary Fig. 8). For all three phenotypes, our estimates suggest that less than 2% of the observed inflation of the mean test statistic was accounted for by bias.
