FAS, with or without confirmed maternal alcohol exposure. It was felt that the criteria for a diagnosis of FAS were sufficiently distinct and specific that the diagnosis could be made in the absence of knowledge about the history of alcohol exposure. The IOM also suggested the term Partial FAS (pFAS) when there was a confirmed history of prenatal alcohol exposure and some components of the full syndrome but not enough to establish the diagnosis of FAS. Further, because some of the characteristic features of FAS may change over time (e.g., facial features, growth deficits), this category allowed for someone with a subset of features to be recognized as having an alcohol-related effect. Consequently, the IOM recommended use of the terms “Alcohol Related Birth Defects” (ARBD) and “Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder” (ARND). These categories were added to ensure inclusion of physical or behavioral disorders or conditions where previous clinical or animal studies had linked gestational alcohol exposure to these outcomes. ARND was more formally defined by Hoyme et al. (2005) and Chudley et al. (2005). Both schemas allowed for this terminology when a complex pattern of behavioral and cognitive abnormalities are noted that could not be otherwise explained, and when there
