versus singular abuse of alcohol and tobacco are multiplicative (McKee & Weinberger, 2013). Economic investigations have generally found that the cross-price elasticity between alcohol and tobacco is negative, suggesting that the two behaviors function as complements rather than substitutes (e.g., Aristei and Pieroni, 2010; Bask and Melkersson, 2004; Cameron and Williams, 2001; Fanelli and Mazzocchi, 2008; Jones, 1989; Pierani and Tiezzi, 2009), although some studies indicate that higher cigarette prices are associated with increased alcohol consumption (Decker and Schwartz, 2000; Goel and Morey, 1995; Yu and Abler, 2010), or find that the association varies by age group (McLellan et al., 2012).
