with visual-spatial working memory. In one study, these children committed more errors and demonstrated poorer use of strategy on a computerized task of spatial working memory (Green, Mihic, Nikkel, et al., 2009). In another study, children and adults with FASD provided fewer correct responses, greater incorrect responses and non-responses, and longer latencies during correct responses on an experimental visual-spatial n-back task (Malisza et al., 2005). Although less work has been done in this area, it appears that working memory abilities are impaired in alcohol-exposed children above and beyond global intellectual deficits. One investigation demonstrated that the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and performance on working memory measures remained significant even after IQ was statistically controlled (Burden, Jacobson, Sokol, & Jacobson, 2005). Understanding of these impairments is particularly significant because these processes often underlie other executive control and attention skills (Burden, Jacobson, Sokol, et al., 2005).
