Information from parent interview, family history reports (most obtained at prior COGA waves), and offspring questionnaires was used to classify parental AUD status, with interview data given the highest priority, and family history and offspring reports used only for uninterviewed parents. Interviewed parents were coded as affected or unaffected based on whether they met lifetime criteria for DSM-5 AUD at interview. For uninterviewed parents, those with 2 or more family history reports (obtained from all subjects across all COGA assessment waves) of DSM-IV lifetime alcohol dependence (“FHAM”, Rice et al 1995) were added as affected. For the remainder, a “possible-AUD” category was created based on 1 positive FHAM or on the most recent offspring report of the parent as a heavy drinker or recovering alcoholic from the Important People and Activities (IPA) questionnaire (Clifford et al, 1992). Uninterviewed parents with negative FHAM or IPA reports were coded as unaffected. All others were coded as missing. Ninety percent of offspring had mothers coded unaffected (56.9%) or affected (33.2%) based on interview (33.0%) or by 2+ FHAM reports (0.2%) . About 2%
