Shape changes have also been previously reported in the cerebral cortex. For example, reductions were evident in the distance from the center of the brain to surface points in the left hemisphere orbitofrontal cortex and the bilateral inferior parietal/perisylvian areas, giving the appearance of a blunted, narrower brain [29]. More recently, De Guio and colleagues [30] described changes in cortical folding among children with FASD. Cortical folding abnormalities are seen in several disorders of neuronal migration and the associated malformations may range from lissencephaly (the absence of cortical folding) to polymicrogyria (many small folds). Polymicrogyria was described in a prior case of FAS [31]. De Guio et al. [30] found that cortical complexity, defined as the average ratio of sulcal to gyral surface area, was reduced in children with prenatal alcohol exposure: a smaller proportion of the cortical surface area was buried within the cerebral folds. The children of women who consumed the greatest amount of alcohol per day showed the greatest effect. Furthermore, the authors noted that the fold opening, or distance between the sulcal [walls], was greater in
