For our primary analyses we considered efficacy, which we measured as the change in severity of ADHD core symptoms based on clinicians' ratings for children, adolescents, and adults. The appendix (pp 273, 274) contains a list of rating scales considered for inclusion. For children and adolescents, we also considered teachers' ratings as a primary efficacy outcome because they provide a complementary view to clinicians' ratings, and information from multiple raters increases the validity of ADHD diagnosis.34 We also considered tolerability in children, adolescents, and adults—ie, the proportion of participants who left the study because of any side-effect.
