Daily diary measurements were completed using the 10-item Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Lawton et al., 1992) and an adaptation of the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) (Flannery et al., 1999). The PACS was transformed into a daily rating scale rather than a measure of weekly craving. The PACS was selected because prior research has demonstrated the PACS to have greater predictive value for treatment outcomes compared to the Obsessive–Compulsive Drinking Scale or the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (Flannery et al., 2003). Moreover, the translation into a daily measure had greater face validity with the PACS. The PACS consists of five items each scored 0–6 in increasing severity of craving. The positive and negative affect scales consist of five items each with each item scored 0–4.
