there are other important mechanisms of gene–environment interaction effects in relation to alcohol use and the development of problems. Many other variables, both individual and psychosocial, are known to affect drinking behavior, such as beliefs about alcohol, self-esteem, school attitudes, parental expectancies and messages surrounding alcohol use, and family disruption (Donovan and Molina 2011). It will be important to integrate these literatures, and the broader basis of etiological findings and associated environmental factors, into theoretical models of how gene–environment interaction effects operate with respect to alcohol use.
