advantages of a passive paradigm are that it can be administered to human and other animal subjects without extensive prior training, and it does not require the subject to respond to the stimuli. Such paradigms have been particularly important in clinical studies of young children, or subjects with limited attentional capacity (see Jodo et al., 1995). Passive paradigms are also efficiently used in mouse studies where large numbers of subjects are necessary for instance, in the screening of drugs or testing line/sex differences (Slawecki et al., 2003; Connolly et al., 2004; Maxwell et al., 2004; Amann et al., 2008; Ehrlichman et al., 2008; Gandal et al., 2008; Rudnick et al., 2008).
