increased expression of TLRs (Chinenov and Rogatsky 2007). In addition to TLR-mediated regulation, GR activity up-regulates the activity of NLRP3, a NOD-like receptor (NLR) involved in the production of IL-1β (Busillo, Azzam et al. 2011). Humans under various stressful environments (where high cortisol levels prevail) show greater TNF-α and IL-6 but lower IL-1β response by PBMCs after LPS stimulation, slower wound healing, increased CRP levels, decreased T lymphocyte counts, and increased CD57+ memory T cells (Kiecolt-Glaser, Marucha et al. 1995, Jaremka, Glaser et al. 2013, Copeland, Wolke et al. 2014, Copertaro, Bracci et al. 2014, Yi, Rykova et al. 2014).
