The grand total of participants was 1,302, of whom 70% were male. Average sample size was 69 participants (34 control, 35 AUD), with a median of 50. Seven investigations studied men exclusively. An additional study (Gazdzinski et al., 2010) was included in the male-only mean because males comprised > 90% of the sample. One study (Symonds et al., 1999) compared an all-male AUD group to a comparison group that was 54% female and was not included in the male-only mean. For one study that presented data for both genders, the male subsample had been published previously in a separate report and was not included twice in the meta-analysis (Pfefferbaum et al., 2001). Thus, 2 investigations presented novel data for females only, and 9 studies reported on both men and women. Fourteen studies (74%) recruited treatment-seeking participants. The 4 non-treatment-seeking samples were heterogeneous and included treatment-naïve, current heavy drinkers (Cardenas et al., 2005; Fein et al., 2002), AUD individuals with long-term abstinence (Fein et al., 2009), and teenagers with AUDs recruited from high schools (Nagel et al., 2005). Treatment-seeking status could
