Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genomic markers associated with AUD and similar phenotypes [14–17]. For AUD, a recent GWAS from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) [15] identified three loci previously associated with alcohol dependence [16] —ADH1B, ADH1C, and ADH4, and seven novel loci -- GCKR, SIX3, SLC39A8, DRD2, an intergenic variant on chr10q25.1 (rs7906104), and FTO. A meta-analysis of AUD between MVP, PGC and the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), which included 48,545 AUD cases and 187,065 controls, identified 10 genome-wide significant loci. In terms of AUD-adjacent phenotypes, Sanchez-Roige et al. (2019) meta-analyzed GWAS of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) in 141,932 individuals from the UK Biobank and 23andme [14]; replicating previously identified signals in the genes ADH1B, ADH1C, KLB, and GCKR and finding novel associations localized to genes including JCAD and SLC39A13. Zhou et al [17] identified 110 independent risk variants in a GWAS of “problematic alcohol use,” meta-analyzing results from MVP, UK Biobank, FinnGen, PGC, and others.
