Prevalence of lifetime ND among lifetime smokers (n = 712) was 52.8%; individuals with ND showed significantly higher mean number of traumatic events and PTSD symptoms (Table 1).). Within the lifetime nicotine use sample (n=712), 602 (94.6%) reported any trauma exposure; among those TE individuals, mean PTSD symptoms was 3.26 (sd=3.80). After controlling for demographic variables, each additional traumatic event experienced increased odds of ND by 1.2, and each additional PTSD symptom increased odds of ND by 1.1 (Table 3). When PTSD was included in the regression analysis of ND on TE, estimates of the difference in the TE effect (τ-τ′) were significantly greater than 0 (Table 4), showing that PTSD accounted for at least part of the relationship between TE and ND. Specifically, 30.5% of the total effect of TE was explained by PTSD symptoms (Table 4). Here, trauma load also increased risk for ND even after PTSD was included (OR= 1.14, 95% CI=1.06–1.24; based on regression coefficient τ′ in Table 4), suggesting that TE plays a role in ND that is independent of PTSD. Results for ND were
