.079], SE = .014, β = .026). For fathers, paternal educational attainment explained 49.6% of the variance in the association between paternal education polygenic score and offspring educational attainment, and income explained 21.8% of the variance, after controlling for the effect of offspring education polygenic score. For mothers, maternal educational attainment explained 61.1% of the variance in the association between maternal education polygenic score and offspring educational attainment, and income explained 23.5% of the variance, after controlling for the effect of offspring education polygenic score. Paternal education polygenic score remained significantly associated with offspring educational attainment when paternal educational attainment and income were considered, suggesting that there are other socio-environmental factors, in addition to paternal educational attainment and income, that serve as important pathways of social genetic effects. When maternal educational attainment and income were included in the model, maternal education polygenic score was no longer directly associated with offspring educational attainment.
