A gene-based analysis was conducted using mBAT-combo19 within GCTA version 1.94.1 (ref. 14). The European subsample (n = 503 individuals) from phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project95 was used as the linkage disequilibrium reference panel with the fastBAT default linkage disequilibrium cutoff of 0.9 applied. After filtering SNPs with MAF > 0.01, there were 6,629,124 SNPs for analysis in our sample. A gene list consisting of 19,899 protein-coding genes was used to map the base pair position of genes using genome build hg19 (see Supplementary Note 7 for details).
