Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images showing the differential effect of different timing of exposure on face shape and brain morphology. (A) The left panel shows a control, whereas the two other panels show animals exposed on gestation day 7 and gestation day 8.5. The different timing produces differential effects on face and brain. (B) An illustration of how the shape analysis shown in figure 3 can be applied to the mouse images. The left panel shows the difference between an animal exposed on gestation day 7 versus a control. Red areas indicate a reduction in size. The middle panel shows gestation day 8 exposure versus control, note the absence of many red areas. The right panel shows the difference between the two exposure times. (C) Ethanol interacts synergistically with the PDGFRA gene. The two left most figures show an intact embryo and the dissected neurocranium of a stained PDGFRA heterozygote displaying normal morphology of the neurocranium. The right most panel shows how ethanol severely disrupts development of the anterior neurocranium and palate of the zebrafish. The homozygote, −/−, (not shown) is even more affected.SOURCE: Photos in A and B are courtesy of Dr. Kathleen Sulik, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Photos in C are courtesy of Dr. Johann Eberhart, University of Texas at Austin.
