The adult-obesity case-control groups and the child-obesity case control groups were as previously published6, and were genotyped using the Illumina Human CNV370-duo array. 643 children with familial obesity (BMI ≥ 97th percentile corrected for gender and age, at least one obese first degree relative, age < 18 yr), 581 non-obese children (BMI ≤ 90th percentile), 705 morbidly obese adults with familial obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2, at least one obese first degree relative with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, age ≥ 18 yr) and 197 lean adults (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) passed quality control; this cohort included a further 646 control subjects from the DESIR prospective cohort19 (age at exam ≥ 45 yr, normal fasting glucose according to 1997 ADA criteria, BMI < 27 kg/m2) genotyped using the Illumina Hap300 array20. All participants or their legal guardians gave written informed consent, and all local ethics committees approved the study protocol.
