Participants were abstinent from all substances of abuse (median length of abstinence from alcohol=111 days), excluding nicotine, and participating in residential or outpatient substance dependence treatment at the time of study enrollment. Individuals who met DSM-IV criteria for current, independent (i.e., not substance-related) mood, anxiety, or psychotic disorders were excluded from the study, as were individuals who were currently taking psychotropic medications. The majority of participants were Caucasian/non-Hispanic (60.8%), followed by African American/non-Hispanic (31.4%); African American/Hispanic (5.9%); and Caucasian/Hispanic (2.0%). Few participants (9.8%) were currently married; most were never married (37.3%) or were widowed, separated, or divorced (52.9%). Average educational attainment was high school level (mean years of education=12.39, SD=1.92).
