The remaining 57 patients (16 outpatients) in the final sample met DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for schizophrenia (paranoid, n = 21; undifferentiated, n = 14), schizoaffective disorder (depressed type, n = 10; bipolar type, n = 7), schizophrenoform (n = 1) or psychosis not otherwise specified (n = 4).2 Diagnoses were based on clinical interviews by psychiatrists and a semistructured interview (Nurnberger et al., 1994), including items from commonly-used instruments (e.g., SCID-P, Spitzer et al., 1990; SANS, SAPS, Andreasen 1983, 1984). Symptom ratings were obtained using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1992). The total score of the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), which was derived from the respective PANSS items, indicated that patients were mildly-to-moderately disturbed (Table 1). About 39% of the patients (n = 22) did not receive antipsychotic medications for at least 14 days before testing. The remaining 35 patients were treated with aripriprazole (n = 9), ziprasidone (n = 9), risperidone (n = 7), olanzapine (n = 4), quetiapine (n = 4), or clozapine (n = 2), with chlorpromazine equivalents ranging from 67 to 1067 mg/day (Woods, 2003).
