Sixty inpatients and 26 outpatients (52 male, 34 female) at New York State Psychiatric Institute and 46 healthy adults (20 male, 26 female) were recruited for the study, excluding left-handed individuals and those with a history of neurological illness or substance abuse. Twelve patients (9 male, 3 female) and one healthy man were excluded because their behavioral performance was at chance in at least one experimental condition. The data from an additional 18 participants (10 male and 7 female patients, 1 healthy man) were excluded from the study due to an insufficient number of correct, artifact-free trials (at least 15 for new or old items) or low signal-to-noise ratio, which prevented a recognizable ERP component structure in the individual waveforms.
