Although the contrast of “stop success (SS) greater than go success (GS)” may reflect inhibitory control, alternative explanations including saliency response should be considered, because stop trials are infrequent as well as behaviorally relevant and thus are highly salient. The finding of greater rostral ACC (rACC) activation in non-drinkers as compared to drinkers absent a difference in SSRT may suggest an effect of alcohol use on altered saliency processing. The rACC is implicated in saliency responses in a variety of behavioral paradigms (Brazdil et al., 2007) and decreased activation in many clinical conditions including alcohol and substance use disorders (Felmingham et al., 2009; Heinz et al., 2007; Moeller et al., 2014). For instance, decreased rACC response to errors is associated with impaired emotional awareness in cocaine abusers (Moeller et al., 2014) and impaired error awareness in cannabis users (Hester et al., 2009). Fein and Chang (2008) reported feedback error-related negativity (ERN) in the fronto-central region including the ACC after error trials in a Balloon Analogue Risk Task, and the magnitude of this ERN was negatively associated with family history density
