quit within 1 year of diagnosis/interview. Total caloric intake (expressed as kilocalories per day), vitamin intake (vitamins A, B1–B12, C, E, D), and calcium intake were estimated based on results of a food-frequency questionnaire and divided into quartiles based on consumption among controls as described previously [52, 53]. Education level was categorized as less than high school graduate, high school graduate, some college, college graduate, and graduate work. Participants also were asked if they ever had been told by a physician that they had diabetes or pancreatitis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were computed using unconditional logistic regression to estimate the relative risk (hereafter called risk) of pancreatic cancer by categories of alcohol consumption. The reference group for alcohol analyses was those who never drank or drank less than 1 drink per month. Analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for age. Results for the association between weekly alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer were further stratified by smoking status–smokers (defined as cigarette, pipe, or cigar smokers and former smokers who quit <15 years prior to interview), versus non-smokers (defined as never smokers, or former smokers who quit ≥ 15 years prior to interview). Former smokers who
